NETWORK
--------
internet is a interconnection of networks.
Internet was first known as Arpanet.
Internet is set of networks of networks.
Internet is formed from Barclays University,California.
Protocol is set of rules and regulation which will make the communication possible in network.
Protocol is a computer communication language.
This language is used to make communication btn communication devices.
Example of protocol
-Apple talk (Apple)
-SNA
-Nowel Network (Nowelink company)
-NETBUI (Microsoft Protocol)
Open System Protocol
---------------------
->>Need
Requirements for an ideal protocol
--Unique Identification of Network Nodes
--Logical Addressing of Computer Networks
--Identification of Computers - Local to Remote
--Standard Data Format and packaging rules
--Sequencing Delivery of Informaation
--Error Detection and Correction
Some Protocol Solutions
-------------------------
-Systems in a Network have to deal with many dissimilarities like different operating systems, hardware or individual requirements.
These problems can bve tackle by using:
Multiple Protocol Stacks
Gateways
Single Protocol
-Using a single protocol was the best option and TCP/IP proved to be a common choice that met most of the interconnectivity requirements that existed.
Feature of an Ideal Protocol
-------------------------------
-Routing Capability: Rewuired if your network design is based on Internetwork communication, wherein information is circulated acros different sub-networks within a network.
-Connection-Oriented/Connection protocol: Connectionless means broadcast facility and connection oriented means packet acknowledgement. Ideal protocol should provide both features.
-Ports/Server: Used by the client/server application to run several processes(identified by prot/socket number)on the server for various client at the same time.
The other Proprietary Protocols
--------------------------------
-IPX/SPX : uSed by NOvell Netware as Default protocol.
-SNA : Used by IBM in mainframe and mini computers.
DECnet : Used by Digital equipments.
-TCPIP became the de-facto standard for Internetwork communication and is most commonly used as a single protocol solution.
-TCP/IP (developed by americans)
UNIQUE is the first to start TCP/IP
Was tested at Barclays University,California.
Used by all the operating systems.
TCP/IP got only four layers
-----------------------------
-Network layer - do the function of physical and datalink layer of osi model
-Internetwork layer - do the functionality of network layer of osi model
-transport layer - do the functionality of transpor layer of OSI model
-Application layer - do the of presentation,sessionlayer of OSI model
**These layers are compiled with OSI model
ISO developed one standard for communication that standard is called OSI model(Open System Interconnection).
OSI model
-----------
-OSI model is described based on 7 layer
LaYERING is a widely accepted structuring technique for a designing a communication system.
-Application is the 7th layer(user interact)
-Presentation is the 6th layer
-Session is the 5th layer
-Transport is the 4th layer
-Network is the 3rd layer
-Data Link is the 2nd layer
-Physical is the 1st layer
These layers will make the data transfer from one computer to another.
Function of the layers from one computer to another
-----------------------------------------------------
1st Computer
---------------
-Application layer --> Connecting Application to the network.
-Presentation layer --> resposible for encrypting data,compress data and change to a common format.
-Session layer --> to authenticate,authorize and to keep the session active.
-Transport layer --> the entire transport is controled by the transport layer.Data will split into packets and a sequence num is given to each packet.
-Network layer --> ipaddress assignment and packet transfer across the network. it will stamp the information into the packet header.
-Data Link layer --> is responsible for error free data delivery. Aframe is wrapped with packet.
MAC address of source and destination computer is stamped onto the packet.
-Physical layer --> physical connectivity btn devices is defined under physical. The standard of cable,topology,NIC etc are defined this layer.
2nd Computer
------------
-Application layer --> Connecting Application to the network
-Presentation layer --> resposible for decrypt data,uncompress data and chage to a comon format.
-Session layer --> to authenticate,authorize and to keep the session active.
-Transport layer --> receive the packet as per the sequence num and regenerate the orginal data.
-Network layer --> ipaddress assignment and packet transfer across the network.
-Data Link layer --> is responsible for error free data delivery. It will inform the source computer data layer about the data the error free data receipt.
-Physical Layer -->physical connectivity btn devices is defined under physical. The standard of cable,topology,NIC etc are defined this layer.
Physical layer
--------------
-All the physical connectivity between devices is done in physical layer.
-Physical connection will happen using netwrok card.
-Two transmission media cable and wireless.
RJ-45 is the connector used for connecting the cable.
Cable there are standards :- Category 1,2(4mbps),3(10mbps),4(100mbps),5(100mbps),5e(1gb),6(1gb).
RJ-11 is the connector only for telephones.
*Category cable also known as :UTP(Unshielded Twisted Pair) and STP(Shileded Twisted Pair).
UTP- you can only get 100m maximum so therefore they use the amplifier when it reaches to 80m.
Category 1 - suports only voice
Category 2 to 6 - can support voice and data.
BNC(Beonel Nill Connector) is the connector for tv communication.Cable used COAXIAL.
There are 4pair
color: (Orange,Orange white),(Brown,BrownWhite),(Green,GreenWhite),(Blue,BlueWhite)).
-Physical layer will also identify the topology(means the way network is designed).
-There are diff topology:- Bus,Ring,Star,Mesh,Cellular topology
BUS TOPOLGY
I I
I I
---I--I----I---- -> this is the maincable(Backbone cable)
I
I
Star topology - cables used UTP and STP. Central point (HUB or switch).
Mesh topology - all are interconnected. If no of computer increase it becomes complex.
LAN(Local Area Network)
-----------------------
There are 2 types of network
-MainFrame Network (*Features())
-->it is a centralized network
-PC based network
-->Distributed across all terminals(Processing)
-->Offers both models(Security)
-->Intelligent Terminal(Intelligence)
-->Moderate(Expansion costs)
-->Lower management overheads(Management)
Network Categories :-
-LAN(Local Area Network)
-MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
-WAN(Wide Are Network)
-VWAN(Very Wide Area Network)
LAN advantage :-
-File sharing
-Print sharing
-Message Solutions
-Application Usage
-Cetralized Security
Network Services :- File Services, Print Services, Message Services, Application Services, Database Services.
Transmission Media
-------------------
It is a physical path btn the transmiter and receiver in a data transmission system.
Properties
-Cost
-Ease of Installation
-Capacity
-Attunuation
-Immunity from electromagnetic interference(EMI)
Cable Media transmission
-UTP and STP
-Coaxil
-Optical Fibre
Wireless Media
-RadioWave
-MicroWave(Terrestrial(earth based)Microwave & Satellite Microwave)
-Infrared System
Transmission Media Connections
-------------------------------
-Network Interface Board
-Modem
Devices:-
-Repeater
-Hubs
Active- regenerate the signal
Passive - receive signal and pass it
Intelligent - known as switch(will switch the signal from one port to another).
-Bridges(devides an overloaded network into separate segments).
-Multiplexers(combines two or more separate signals on a single transmission media segment).
-Routers(maintain physical links to the network).
-Brouters(routers that can also bridge).
Network Protocols
-----------------
-as a set of rules governing the exchange of data btn two separate entities.
Signaling
-Digital Signal
-Analog Signal
-A protocol suite indicates a group od specifications that are meant to be used together
Network Protocol Suite
-----------------------
Key netware Protocol
--------------------
MLID(Multiple Link Interface Driver)
LSL(Link Support Layer)
RIP(Router Internet Protocol)
IP and OSI
ICMP
TCP
UDP
ARP
FTP
TELNET
NFS
Apple talk Protocol
--------------------
Ethertalk
RTMP
ZIP
ASP
SLP and PPP (protcol for communication)
-------------
SLIP(Serial Line Protocol)--based with UNIX
PPP(Point-to-Point Protocol)
IEEE 802.X Series(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer)
--------------------
-Also reffered as ISO 8802 prtocols
-IEEE 802.2 (defines data link layer -used for the network)
-IEEE 802.3 (offers a variety of physical layer option)
-IEEE 802.4 (uses bus topology)
-IEEE 802.5 (based on IBM`s token ring)
-IEEE 802.11 (for wireless fedelity(wifi))
TCP/IP Model
-------------
communication is happening based on its IP address.
IP Address has got 4 parts. Any portion of the IP address has a minimum value 0 and maximum value 255.
starts from 0.0.0.0 upto 255.255.255.255
e.g of Binary form of IP address:-
11100111.00000000.11111111.10101010
192.168.100.133
192-> 11000000
168-> 10101000
100-> 01100100
133-> 10000101
255-> 11111111
0 -> 00000000
00010101
192.168.100.133 -> 11000000.10101000.01100100.10000101
176.254.248.233 ->
165.199.228.190 ->
153.202.245.167 ->
123.134.156.189 ->
8 digits maximum value in normal numbering system is 99999999(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
8 digits maximum value in binary numbering system is 11111111 (0,1)
Why the range btn 0 - 255??
Bcuz of TCI/IP value will convert into binary then the total length of binary of 4parts together will be in 32-bit.
Ip address are classified into 5 categories
Class A : 1.0.0.0 - 126.255.255.255(127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255(Reserved for loopback))
Class B : 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
Class C : 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
Class D : 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255(never used for setting IP address,used for scientific and experiment)
Class E : 240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255(never used for setting IP address,used for scientific and experiment)
--The "ping" command 127.0.0.1 means the network card is configured properly.
c:> ping 127.0.0.1
**error request timed out- means the destination computer has never connected to the network.
destination host unreachable -means it is connected but it is not communicating.
Subnet Mask is having a very important role for ip address assignment
-Class A : subnet mask - 255.0.0.0 - default subnet mask
-Class B : subnet mask - 255.255.0.0 - default subnet mask
-Class C : subnet mask - 255.255.255.0 - default subnet mask
192.168.100.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10..... 254 -- Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
- Maximum number of IP address we can set using 255.255.255.0 subnet mask is 254. 0 and 255 are reserved for broadcasting in a network.
192.168.100.0
192.168.100.1 -- 254
255.255.255.0
192.168.100.255
172.168.0.0
172.168.0.1
255.255.0.0
172.168.255.255
172.168.0.1
172.168.0.2
0.3
0.4
-
-
-
-
172.168.0.255 --255
172.168.1.0 - 255--
172.168.2.0 - 255
172.168.255.0 - 254
172.168.0.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11....... 254,255
172.168.1. 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10...............,255
172.168.2,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10........,255
-
-
-
172.168.255.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,910......254
255.255.0.0
0.0 and 255.255 is reserved for broadcasting
172.168.0.0 - using for B.C
172.168.0.1
172.168.0.2
172.168.0.3
-
-
-
-
-
172.168.0.255
172.168.1.0
172.168.1.1
172.168.1.2
-
-
-
-172.168.1.255
172.168.2.0 - 255
172.168.3.0- 255
-
-
-
172.168.255.0- 172.168.255.254
172.168.0.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9....255 - 256
172.168.1.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.2.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.3.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.4.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.5.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.6.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.7.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.8.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.9.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.10.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.11.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.12.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.13.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.14.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.15.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.16.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
--
--
172.168.255.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
(256 * 256) -2 = 65536-2
= 65534
Class A
-----------
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
255.0.0.0
(256*256*256)-2 = 16,777,216-2
16,777,214
255.255.255.0 - 0-255 ---- > 256-2---> 254
255.255.0.0 - 0.0 - 255.255 -----> (256 * 256) -2 ------> 65534
255.0.0.0 - 0.0.0 - 255.255.255 ----->(256 *256 *256) -2 -----------> 16,777,214
------
Subnet mask is the one which identify a network separately.
Subnet mask will apply the following rules in a network
--It will divide the ip address portion into 2 portions. Network ID portion and Host ID portion.
--It will also define how many numbers of computers we can connect into a single network.
--Network ID portion will be constant and Host ID portion will be dynamic.
--In a network all 0's and 1's(binary values) are not used for setting ip address,used for broadcasting purpose.
eg.1
Ip address -->192.168.100.10
Subnet Mask -->255.255.255.0
Network ID portion-->192.168.100
Host ID-->10
192.168.100.0 - Broadcasting purpose
192.168.100.1 - 192.168.100.254
192.168.100.255 - Broadcasting purpose
Number of Hosts - 254
eg.2
Ip address -->172.16.75.254
Subnet Mask -->255.255.0.0
Network ID portion-->172.16
Host ID-->75.254
172.16.0.0 - broadcasting purpose
172.16.0.1
172.16.0.2
172.16.0.3
-
-
-
-
172.16.0.255
172.16.1.0 - 172.16.1.255
172.16.2.0 - 172.16.2.255
-
-
172.16.255.0-172.16.255.254
- 172.16.255.254
172.16.255.255 -broadcasting purpose
Number of hosts - 65534 (256*256-2)
128.10.0.1 - 128.10.255.254
129.10.0.1 - 129.10.255.254
191.15.0.1 - 191.15.255.254
eg.3
Ip address -->10.10.250.255
Subnet Mask -->255.0.0.0
Network ID portion-->10
Host ID-->10.250.255
10.0.0.0 - broadcasting purpose
10.0.0.1 - 10.255.255.254
10.255.255.255 -broadcasting purpose
Number of Hosts - 16777214(256*256*256 -2)
** When you obtain an IPaddress automatically you get it from DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server.
** DHCP server will provide IP address automatically to host in a network.IP address will be assigned based on the IP address range provide by the DHCP server.
Suppose there is no DHCP server available in the network. Then, the host will assign an IP address itself. This IP address will be from the range
169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255
There are two types of IP address: Public IP address and Private IP address
The IP address provided by the ISP provider is known as public IP addresses.
The IP address used in the private organisation for setting their network is known as private IP addressesw.
** All IP address are assigned by IANA(Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)oalso controls no of protocols, the country code top level domains and maintain the IP address allotments.
Each Classes of IP address have private IP range
Class A: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
Class B: 172.16.0.0 - 172.132.255.255
Class C: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
192.168.100.10
192
11000000.10101000.01100100.00001010
--------
internet is a interconnection of networks.
Internet was first known as Arpanet.
Internet is set of networks of networks.
Internet is formed from Barclays University,California.
Protocol is set of rules and regulation which will make the communication possible in network.
Protocol is a computer communication language.
This language is used to make communication btn communication devices.
Example of protocol
-Apple talk (Apple)
-SNA
-Nowel Network (Nowelink company)
-NETBUI (Microsoft Protocol)
Open System Protocol
---------------------
->>Need
Requirements for an ideal protocol
--Unique Identification of Network Nodes
--Logical Addressing of Computer Networks
--Identification of Computers - Local to Remote
--Standard Data Format and packaging rules
--Sequencing Delivery of Informaation
--Error Detection and Correction
Some Protocol Solutions
-------------------------
-Systems in a Network have to deal with many dissimilarities like different operating systems, hardware or individual requirements.
These problems can bve tackle by using:
Multiple Protocol Stacks
Gateways
Single Protocol
-Using a single protocol was the best option and TCP/IP proved to be a common choice that met most of the interconnectivity requirements that existed.
Feature of an Ideal Protocol
-------------------------------
-Routing Capability: Rewuired if your network design is based on Internetwork communication, wherein information is circulated acros different sub-networks within a network.
-Connection-Oriented/Connection protocol: Connectionless means broadcast facility and connection oriented means packet acknowledgement. Ideal protocol should provide both features.
-Ports/Server: Used by the client/server application to run several processes(identified by prot/socket number)on the server for various client at the same time.
The other Proprietary Protocols
--------------------------------
-IPX/SPX : uSed by NOvell Netware as Default protocol.
-SNA : Used by IBM in mainframe and mini computers.
DECnet : Used by Digital equipments.
-TCPIP became the de-facto standard for Internetwork communication and is most commonly used as a single protocol solution.
-TCP/IP (developed by americans)
UNIQUE is the first to start TCP/IP
Was tested at Barclays University,California.
Used by all the operating systems.
TCP/IP got only four layers
-----------------------------
-Network layer - do the function of physical and datalink layer of osi model
-Internetwork layer - do the functionality of network layer of osi model
-transport layer - do the functionality of transpor layer of OSI model
-Application layer - do the of presentation,sessionlayer of OSI model
**These layers are compiled with OSI model
ISO developed one standard for communication that standard is called OSI model(Open System Interconnection).
OSI model
-----------
-OSI model is described based on 7 layer
LaYERING is a widely accepted structuring technique for a designing a communication system.
-Application is the 7th layer(user interact)
-Presentation is the 6th layer
-Session is the 5th layer
-Transport is the 4th layer
-Network is the 3rd layer
-Data Link is the 2nd layer
-Physical is the 1st layer
These layers will make the data transfer from one computer to another.
Function of the layers from one computer to another
-----------------------------------------------------
1st Computer
---------------
-Application layer --> Connecting Application to the network.
-Presentation layer --> resposible for encrypting data,compress data and change to a common format.
-Session layer --> to authenticate,authorize and to keep the session active.
-Transport layer --> the entire transport is controled by the transport layer.Data will split into packets and a sequence num is given to each packet.
-Network layer --> ipaddress assignment and packet transfer across the network. it will stamp the information into the packet header.
-Data Link layer --> is responsible for error free data delivery. Aframe is wrapped with packet.
MAC address of source and destination computer is stamped onto the packet.
-Physical layer --> physical connectivity btn devices is defined under physical. The standard of cable,topology,NIC etc are defined this layer.
2nd Computer
------------
-Application layer --> Connecting Application to the network
-Presentation layer --> resposible for decrypt data,uncompress data and chage to a comon format.
-Session layer --> to authenticate,authorize and to keep the session active.
-Transport layer --> receive the packet as per the sequence num and regenerate the orginal data.
-Network layer --> ipaddress assignment and packet transfer across the network.
-Data Link layer --> is responsible for error free data delivery. It will inform the source computer data layer about the data the error free data receipt.
-Physical Layer -->physical connectivity btn devices is defined under physical. The standard of cable,topology,NIC etc are defined this layer.
Physical layer
--------------
-All the physical connectivity between devices is done in physical layer.
-Physical connection will happen using netwrok card.
-Two transmission media cable and wireless.
RJ-45 is the connector used for connecting the cable.
Cable there are standards :- Category 1,2(4mbps),3(10mbps),4(100mbps),5(100mbps),5e(1gb),6(1gb).
RJ-11 is the connector only for telephones.
*Category cable also known as :UTP(Unshielded Twisted Pair) and STP(Shileded Twisted Pair).
UTP- you can only get 100m maximum so therefore they use the amplifier when it reaches to 80m.
Category 1 - suports only voice
Category 2 to 6 - can support voice and data.
BNC(Beonel Nill Connector) is the connector for tv communication.Cable used COAXIAL.
There are 4pair
color: (Orange,Orange white),(Brown,BrownWhite),(Green,GreenWhite),(Blue,BlueWhite)).
-Physical layer will also identify the topology(means the way network is designed).
-There are diff topology:- Bus,Ring,Star,Mesh,Cellular topology
BUS TOPOLGY
I I
I I
---I--I----I---- -> this is the maincable(Backbone cable)
I
I
Star topology - cables used UTP and STP. Central point (HUB or switch).
Mesh topology - all are interconnected. If no of computer increase it becomes complex.
LAN(Local Area Network)
-----------------------
There are 2 types of network
-MainFrame Network (*Features())
-->it is a centralized network
-PC based network
-->Distributed across all terminals(Processing)
-->Offers both models(Security)
-->Intelligent Terminal(Intelligence)
-->Moderate(Expansion costs)
-->Lower management overheads(Management)
Network Categories :-
-LAN(Local Area Network)
-MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
-WAN(Wide Are Network)
-VWAN(Very Wide Area Network)
LAN advantage :-
-File sharing
-Print sharing
-Message Solutions
-Application Usage
-Cetralized Security
Network Services :- File Services, Print Services, Message Services, Application Services, Database Services.
Transmission Media
-------------------
It is a physical path btn the transmiter and receiver in a data transmission system.
Properties
-Cost
-Ease of Installation
-Capacity
-Attunuation
-Immunity from electromagnetic interference(EMI)
Cable Media transmission
-UTP and STP
-Coaxil
-Optical Fibre
Wireless Media
-RadioWave
-MicroWave(Terrestrial(earth based)Microwave & Satellite Microwave)
-Infrared System
Transmission Media Connections
-------------------------------
-Network Interface Board
-Modem
Devices:-
-Repeater
-Hubs
Active- regenerate the signal
Passive - receive signal and pass it
Intelligent - known as switch(will switch the signal from one port to another).
-Bridges(devides an overloaded network into separate segments).
-Multiplexers(combines two or more separate signals on a single transmission media segment).
-Routers(maintain physical links to the network).
-Brouters(routers that can also bridge).
Network Protocols
-----------------
-as a set of rules governing the exchange of data btn two separate entities.
Signaling
-Digital Signal
-Analog Signal
-A protocol suite indicates a group od specifications that are meant to be used together
Network Protocol Suite
-----------------------
Key netware Protocol
--------------------
MLID(Multiple Link Interface Driver)
LSL(Link Support Layer)
RIP(Router Internet Protocol)
IP and OSI
ICMP
TCP
UDP
ARP
FTP
TELNET
NFS
Apple talk Protocol
--------------------
Ethertalk
RTMP
ZIP
ASP
SLP and PPP (protcol for communication)
-------------
SLIP(Serial Line Protocol)--based with UNIX
PPP(Point-to-Point Protocol)
IEEE 802.X Series(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer)
--------------------
-Also reffered as ISO 8802 prtocols
-IEEE 802.2 (defines data link layer -used for the network)
-IEEE 802.3 (offers a variety of physical layer option)
-IEEE 802.4 (uses bus topology)
-IEEE 802.5 (based on IBM`s token ring)
-IEEE 802.11 (for wireless fedelity(wifi))
TCP/IP Model
-------------
communication is happening based on its IP address.
IP Address has got 4 parts. Any portion of the IP address has a minimum value 0 and maximum value 255.
starts from 0.0.0.0 upto 255.255.255.255
e.g of Binary form of IP address:-
11100111.00000000.11111111.10101010
192.168.100.133
192-> 11000000
168-> 10101000
100-> 01100100
133-> 10000101
255-> 11111111
0 -> 00000000
00010101
192.168.100.133 -> 11000000.10101000.01100100.10000101
176.254.248.233 ->
165.199.228.190 ->
153.202.245.167 ->
123.134.156.189 ->
8 digits maximum value in normal numbering system is 99999999(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
8 digits maximum value in binary numbering system is 11111111 (0,1)
Why the range btn 0 - 255??
Bcuz of TCI/IP value will convert into binary then the total length of binary of 4parts together will be in 32-bit.
Ip address are classified into 5 categories
Class A : 1.0.0.0 - 126.255.255.255(127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255(Reserved for loopback))
Class B : 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
Class C : 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
Class D : 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255(never used for setting IP address,used for scientific and experiment)
Class E : 240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255(never used for setting IP address,used for scientific and experiment)
--The "ping" command 127.0.0.1 means the network card is configured properly.
c:> ping 127.0.0.1
**error request timed out- means the destination computer has never connected to the network.
destination host unreachable -means it is connected but it is not communicating.
Subnet Mask is having a very important role for ip address assignment
-Class A : subnet mask - 255.0.0.0 - default subnet mask
-Class B : subnet mask - 255.255.0.0 - default subnet mask
-Class C : subnet mask - 255.255.255.0 - default subnet mask
192.168.100.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10..... 254 -- Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
- Maximum number of IP address we can set using 255.255.255.0 subnet mask is 254. 0 and 255 are reserved for broadcasting in a network.
192.168.100.0
192.168.100.1 -- 254
255.255.255.0
192.168.100.255
172.168.0.0
172.168.0.1
255.255.0.0
172.168.255.255
172.168.0.1
172.168.0.2
0.3
0.4
-
-
-
-
172.168.0.255 --255
172.168.1.0 - 255--
172.168.2.0 - 255
172.168.255.0 - 254
172.168.0.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11....... 254,255
172.168.1. 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10...............,255
172.168.2,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10........,255
-
-
-
172.168.255.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,910......254
255.255.0.0
0.0 and 255.255 is reserved for broadcasting
172.168.0.0 - using for B.C
172.168.0.1
172.168.0.2
172.168.0.3
-
-
-
-
-
172.168.0.255
172.168.1.0
172.168.1.1
172.168.1.2
-
-
-
-172.168.1.255
172.168.2.0 - 255
172.168.3.0- 255
-
-
-
172.168.255.0- 172.168.255.254
172.168.0.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9....255 - 256
172.168.1.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.2.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.3.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.4.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.5.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.6.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.7.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.8.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.9.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.10.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.11.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.12.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.13.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.14.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.15.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
172.168.16.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
--
--
172.168.255.0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ...255 - 256
(256 * 256) -2 = 65536-2
= 65534
Class A
-----------
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
255.0.0.0
(256*256*256)-2 = 16,777,216-2
16,777,214
255.255.255.0 - 0-255 ---- > 256-2---> 254
255.255.0.0 - 0.0 - 255.255 -----> (256 * 256) -2 ------> 65534
255.0.0.0 - 0.0.0 - 255.255.255 ----->(256 *256 *256) -2 -----------> 16,777,214
------
Subnet mask is the one which identify a network separately.
Subnet mask will apply the following rules in a network
--It will divide the ip address portion into 2 portions. Network ID portion and Host ID portion.
--It will also define how many numbers of computers we can connect into a single network.
--Network ID portion will be constant and Host ID portion will be dynamic.
--In a network all 0's and 1's(binary values) are not used for setting ip address,used for broadcasting purpose.
eg.1
Ip address -->192.168.100.10
Subnet Mask -->255.255.255.0
Network ID portion-->192.168.100
Host ID-->10
192.168.100.0 - Broadcasting purpose
192.168.100.1 - 192.168.100.254
192.168.100.255 - Broadcasting purpose
Number of Hosts - 254
eg.2
Ip address -->172.16.75.254
Subnet Mask -->255.255.0.0
Network ID portion-->172.16
Host ID-->75.254
172.16.0.0 - broadcasting purpose
172.16.0.1
172.16.0.2
172.16.0.3
-
-
-
-
172.16.0.255
172.16.1.0 - 172.16.1.255
172.16.2.0 - 172.16.2.255
-
-
172.16.255.0-172.16.255.254
- 172.16.255.254
172.16.255.255 -broadcasting purpose
Number of hosts - 65534 (256*256-2)
128.10.0.1 - 128.10.255.254
129.10.0.1 - 129.10.255.254
191.15.0.1 - 191.15.255.254
eg.3
Ip address -->10.10.250.255
Subnet Mask -->255.0.0.0
Network ID portion-->10
Host ID-->10.250.255
10.0.0.0 - broadcasting purpose
10.0.0.1 - 10.255.255.254
10.255.255.255 -broadcasting purpose
Number of Hosts - 16777214(256*256*256 -2)
** When you obtain an IPaddress automatically you get it from DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server.
** DHCP server will provide IP address automatically to host in a network.IP address will be assigned based on the IP address range provide by the DHCP server.
Suppose there is no DHCP server available in the network. Then, the host will assign an IP address itself. This IP address will be from the range
169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255
There are two types of IP address: Public IP address and Private IP address
The IP address provided by the ISP provider is known as public IP addresses.
The IP address used in the private organisation for setting their network is known as private IP addressesw.
** All IP address are assigned by IANA(Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)oalso controls no of protocols, the country code top level domains and maintain the IP address allotments.
Each Classes of IP address have private IP range
Class A: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
Class B: 172.16.0.0 - 172.132.255.255
Class C: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
192.168.100.10
192
11000000.10101000.01100100.00001010
0 comments:
Post a Comment